Citing Sources 

• Pay close attention to the details!
• When using a direct quote, the ending quotation mark goes before the in-text citation but the period comes after.
• If no date is available, write n.d. in place of the year.

The following Turabian citation examples use the AUTHOR-DATE system.

If you are unsure of the system you should be using, ask your professor.

Every time you quote or paraphrase from another source, you must give credit to that source either at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of your sentence. This is known as in-text citing; it is used not only to give credit but also to direct the reader to the proper source in the Reference list at the end of your paper.

The format of in-text citing depends on two things: the structure of your sentence and whether you are using a direct quote or paraphrasing.

Sentence without Author - Direct Quote

He asserts, "Management by objectives is a well established managerial technique, but the same principles should be applied to the setting of personal targets" (Norfolk 1977, 63).

Sentence with Author - Direct Quote

Norfolk asserts, "Management by objectives is a well established managerial technique, but the same principles should be applied to the setting of personal targets" (1977, 63).

You may omit the page number when paraphrasing if you are not pararphrasing a specific passage.

Sentence without Author - Paraphrase

The author reminds people to use the management by objectives technique for personal goals as well as work goals (Norfolk 1977, 63).

OR

The author reminds people to use the management by objectives technique for personal goals as well as work goals (Norfolk 1977).

Sentence with Author - Paraphrase

Norfolk reminds people to use the management by objectives technique for personal goals as well as work goals (1977, 63).

OR

Norfolk reminds people to use the management by objectives technique for personal goals as well as work goals (1977).

The Reference List is a list of all works quoted or paraphrased in your paper. Each work cited in your text must have a corresponding entry on the Reference List. The second line (and all subsequent lines) of each entry must be indented one-half inch from the left margin (due to the nature of this guide, this rule will not be reflected in the examples). All author names are inverted (last name first, first name last). The publication information can often be found at the beginning of the work along with the copyright information (the copyright is the publication year); look for the copyright symbol to find the correct page.

Book - Information Needed

Last name, first name. Publication date. Title of book in italics. Place of publication: Publisher.

Book - One Author

DeSantis, Vincent. 2000. The shaping of modern America, 1877-1920. 3d ed. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson.

Book - Multiple Authors

Burns, James MacGregor, and Susan Dunn. 2001. The three Roosevelts: Patrician leaders who transformed America. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.

Book - Chapter

Landy, Marc. 2001. Politics and friendship: Martin Van Buren and Andrew Jackson. In Friends and citizens: Essays in honor of Wilson Carey McWilliams, ed. Peter Dennis Bathory and Nancy L. Schwartz, 80-96. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.

Journal Article - Single author, journal paginated by issue

Heinze, Andrew R. 1992. The morality of reservation: Western lands in the Cleveland period, 1885-1897. Journal of the West 31, no. 3: 81-89.

Journal Article - Single author, journal paginated continuously

Scherr, Andrew. 1999. Governor James Monroe and the Southampton slave resistance of 1799. Historian 61 (spring): 557-578.

Journal Article - Multiple authors, journal paginated by issue

Weems, Robert E., and Lewis A. Randolph. 2001. The ideological origins of Richard M. Nixon's "Black Capitalism" initiative. Review of Black Political Economy 29, no. 1: 49-61.

Journal Article - Multiple authors, journal paginated continuously

King, James D., and James W. Riddlesperger, Jr. 1993. Presidential leadership of Congressional civil rights voting: The cases of Eisenhower and Johnson. Policy Studies Journal 21(autumn): 544-555.

Article from a journal in an online database

Redmond, Edward J. 2001. The mapmaker of Mount Vernon. The Early America Review 3 (winter-spring), http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2001_winterspring/index.html (accessed May 30, 2003).

Multiple documents or records from other types of online databases

Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ (accessed February 1-March 31, 2006).

One document or record from other types of online databases

Pliny the Elder. The natural history, ed. John Bostock and H.T. Riley. In the Perseus Digital Library, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication (accessed March 31, 2006).

Contact:

General Reference Desk

OR:

TU Writing Center