Citing Sources 

• Pay close attention to the details!
• When using a direct quote, the ending quotation mark goes before the in-text citation but the period comes after.
• If you mention the name of an author in your sentence, the publication date always immediately follows in parenthesis.
• Always use initials for an author's first and middle names.
• If no date is available, write n.d. in the parenthesis.

Easybib

Every time you quote or paraphrase from another source, you must give credit to that source either at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of your sentence. This is known as in-text citing; it is used not only to give credit but also to direct the reader to the proper source in the Reference List at the end of your paper.

The format of in-text citing depends on two things: the structure of your sentence and whether you are using a direct quote or paraphrasing.

Sentence without Author - Direct Quote

He asserts, "Management by objectives is a well established managerial technique, but the same principles should be applied to the setting of personal targets" (Norfolk, 1977, p. 63).

Sentence with Author - Direct Quote

Norfolk (1977) asserts, "Management by objectives is a well established managerial technique, but the same principles should be applied to the setting of personal targets" (p. 63).

When paraphrasing, you are encouraged to note the page number but not required.

Sentence without Author - Paraphrase

The author reminds people to use the management by objectives technique for personal goals as well as work goals (Norfolk, 1977, p. 63).

OR

The author reminds people to use the management by objectives technique for personal goals as well as work goals (Norfolk, 1977).

Sentence with Author - Paraphrase

Norfolk (1977) reminds people to use the management by objectives technique for personal goals as well as work goals (p. 63).

OR

Norfolk (1977) reminds people to use the management by objectives technique for personal goals as well as work goals.

The Reference List is a list of all works quoted or paraphrased in your paper. Each work cited in your text must have a corresponding entry on the Reference List. The second line (and all subsequent lines) of each entry must be indented one-half inch from the left margin (due to the nature of this guide, this rule will not be reflected in the examples). All author names are inverted (last name first, first name last). The publication information can often be found at the beginning of the work along with the copyright information (the copyright is the publication year); look for the copyright symbol to find the correct page.

Book - Information Needed

Last name, first name (publication year). Title of book in italics. Place of publication: Publisher.

Book - One Author

Norfolk, Donald (1977). Executive Stress. New York: Warner Books.

Book - Multiple Authors

Burns, J. M., & Dunn, S. (2001). The three Roosevelts: Patrician leaders who transformed America. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.

Book - Chapter

Landy, M. (2001). Politics and friendship: Martin Van Buren and Andrew Jackson.  In P. D. Bathory & N. L. Schwartz (Eds.), Friends and citizens: Essays in honor of Wilson Carey McWilliams (pp. 80-96).  Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.

Journal - Information Needed

Last name, first name (publication date). Title of article. Title of journal in italics, volume number in italics (issue number), pages.

Journal Article - Single author, journal paginated by issue

Heinze, A. R. (1992). The morality of reservation: Western lands in the Cleveland period, 1885-1897. Journal of the West, 31 (3), 81-89.

Journal Article - Single author, journal paginated continuously

Scherr, A. (1999). Governor James Monroe and the Southampton slave resistance of 1799. Historian, 61, 577-578.

Journal Article - Multiple authors, journal paginated by issue

Weems, R. E., & Randolph, L. A. (2001). The ideological origins of Richard M. Nixon's "Black Capitalism" initiative. Review of Black Political Economy, 29 (1), 49-61.

Journal Article - Multiple authors, journal paginated continuously

King, J. D., & Riddlesperger, J. W., Jr. (2003). Presidential leadership of Congressional civil rights voting: The cases of Eisenhower and Johnson. Policy Studies Journal, 21, 544-555.

Print article retrieved from an online source

Highton, B. (2002). Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the 1998 House elections [Electronic version]. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66, 1-17.

Article from an online-only journal

Redmond, E. J. (2001, Winter-Spring). The mapmaker of Mount Vernon. The Early America Review, 3 (3).  Retrieved May 30, 2003, from http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2001/mapmaker_mv.html

Article retrieved from a library database

Siracusa, J. M., & Coleman, D. B. (2000). Scaling the nuclear ladder: Deterrence from Truman to Clinton. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 54, 277-296. Retrieved May 30, 2003, from Academic Search Elite database.

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